| 高分子 Vol.73 No.3 |
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特集 ポリマー・シンバイオシス
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| 展望 COVER STORY: Highlight Reviews |
| ソフトマターとしての細胞外マトリックスが創発する生命現象 Life Phenomena Emerged by Extracellular Matrix as Soft Matter |
鳴瀧 彩絵 Ayae SUGAWARA-NARUTAKI |
| ＜要旨＞ 細胞外マトリックスのソフトマターとしての振る舞いがさまざまな生命現象を創発することがわかってきた。本稿では細胞外マトリックスが創傷治癒プロセスにおいて果たすダイナミックな役割を解明しようとする最新の論文を紹介するとともに、生命現象の理解と制御を目指した人工細胞外マトリックス（デザイナーマトリックス）について概説する。 Keywords: Extracellular Matrix / Hydrogel / Soft Matter / Wound Healing / Designer Matrix |
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| 腸粘液層の力学的解析とムチンネットワーク構造解析 Mechanical and Structural Analysis of the Intestinal Mucus Layer |
奥村 龍・竹田 潔 Ryu OKUMURA, Kiyoshi TAKEDA |
| ＜要旨＞ 腸管では粘液が腸内細菌の組織侵入を防止し、腸管恒常性維持に大きく寄与している。粘液は高度に糖鎖修飾されたムチンタンパクで構成され、付加される糖鎖は粘液の力学的性質、ムチンポリマーのネットワーク構造の決定に寄与する。本稿では、原子間力顕微鏡、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いた粘液の力学的解析、ムチンポリマー構造解析を紹介する。 Keywords: Gut Mucosal Barrier / Mucus / Glycan / Disialyl Lewis A / Intestinal Inflammation / Mechanical Analysis / Atomic Force Microscpy / Scanning Electron Microscopy |
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| 免疫寛容ポリマー：死細胞からのダイイング・メッセージ Apoptotic Cell Membrane-Inspired Polymers |
荏原 充宏 Mitsuhiro EBARA |
| ＜要旨＞ 細胞死の形態の一つであるアポトーシスは、どちらかと言うと“ひっそり”と死ぬイメージがあるが、近年、多くのメッセージを残していることが明らかとなってきた。本稿では、そのメッセージの一つであるフォスファチジルセリン（PS）に注目し、日本発のPSポリマーとその免疫寛容効果について概説する。 Keywords: Apoptosis / Immune Tolerance / Cell Membrane / MPS / Anti-Inflammation / Macrophage |
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| トピックス COVER STORY: Topics and Products |
| 糖鎖導入マテリアルの構造解析と分子認識 Structural Analysis and Molecular Recognition of Polysaccharide-Incorporated Materials |
望月 慎一 Shinichi MOCHIZUKI |
| ＜要旨＞ Many polysaccharides have some features of not only bio-function and bioactivity, but also polymer materials such as hydrophilicity, water-solubility, hydrolyzability, and biodegradability. In this topic, we introduce the application of polysaccharides to drug delivery system (DDS) by using the specific interaction between the polysaccharide and the receptor. We prepared several conjugates consisting of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a carrier to cancer cells and ovalbumin (OVA) as a model drug. From multiangle light scattering analysis, the conjugate containing multiple HA and OVA molecules (100k4HA-3OVA) adopted a highly condensed structure. When the conjugates were added to a quartz crystal microbalance cell coated with CD44 which is one of the major HA receptors, a larger frequency change was observed than HA. FITC-labeled conjugates were incorporated into cancer cells expressing CD44 at a high level. These results indicate that the affinity of HA for CD44 improved by adopting a highly condensed structure. We wish that such a biocompatible material becomes a breakthrough in DDS. Keywords: Polysaccharide / Biocompatibility / Hyaluronic Acid / Lectin / Multiangle Light Scattering / Quartz Crystal Microbalance |
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| PEGは抗原か、免疫原か？ それが問題だ Is PEG an Antigen or Immunogen, That is The Question |
白石 貢一 Koichi SHIRAISHI |
| ＜要旨＞ Poly（ethylene glycol） （PEG） is known as a bio-inert polymer and has been used for protein conjugation and surface coverage of nanoparticles. PEG has been used in recent technonolgy for mRNA-lipid nanoparticles （mRNA-LNP）, however, PEG-related immune responses, especially immunogenicity concern against PEG, attracted much attention. We have examined immunogenicity of PEG （we refer to PEG as a PEG diol） and PEG-conjugates. We found affinities of PEG or methoxy terminated PEG-OH to anti-PEG antibodies （anti-PEG Ab） were very weak （Kd＝10－4 M）. We synthesized a methoxy terminated PEG-block-poly（benzyl L-aspartate） （PEG-PBLA）, which possesses 31 hydrophobic BLA units, exhibited high affinity to anti-PEG Ab（Kd＝10－8 M） and elicited anti-PEG IgM antibody response. In contrast to PEG-PBLA, methoxy terminated PEG-block-poly（L-lysine） conjugating with DOTA-Gd group （PEG-P（Lys-DOTA-Gd）） exhibited no elicitaion of anti-PEG IgM. We concluded that PEG itself is a hapten, however PEG-conjugates, especially conjugation of hydrophobic block, exhibit immunogenicity. Keywords: Poly（ethylene glycol）（PEG） / Anti-PEG Antibodies / PEGylation / Immunogenicity / Hapten / Antigen-Antibody Interactions / mRNA-Lipid Nano Particles （mRNA-LNP） |
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| 糖鎖による免疫寛容の誘導：アレルギー・自己免疫疾患の治療薬としての進歩 Induction of Immunotolerance by Polysaccharides: Development of Therapeutics for Allergy and Autoimmunity Treatment |
森 健 Takeshi MORI |
| ＜要旨＞ Polysaccharides play various roles in the human body, and their function as ligands for receptors is one of the most important. In this review, I focus on the ligand function of polysaccharides in the induction of immune tolerance. The progress of research on the use of polysaccharides as therapeutic agents for allergy and autoimmune diseases by utilizing them to induce immune tolerance against allergenic proteins and self-antigen proteins will be introduced. Keywords: Polysaccharides / Immunotolerance / Allergy / Autoimmunity |
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| Symbiotic Supramolecular Polymeric Materials | Anton W. BOSMAN |
| ＜要旨＞ Supramolecular polymers comprising quadruple hydrogen bonding units show great promise for their use in regenerative medicine whereby the patient's body own repair mechanisms are used to replace damaged tissues and organs. These supramolecular polymers combine biodegradability with elasticity, toughness and durability, yet are easily processable with techniques typically used for resorbable implants such as electro-spinning or injection in situ. The role of the implanted biomaterial is merely to be a temporarily scaffold for tissue growth that will be fully resorbed after it has fulfilled its mechanical and topological function. However, these materials need to be biocompatible, mimic the local tissue's mechanics and be adaptable to the flexible nature of living tissue. Here, I will show that all these features are possible with supramolecular polymeric materials, and that their symbiosis with living tissue is already delivering their promise in the clinic. Keywords: Supramolecular Polymers / Biomedical Materials / Regenerative Medicine / In Situ Tissue Engineering |
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| グローイングポリマー Polymer Science and I: A Personal Account |
| ひらめきと実現 Inspiration and Realization |
村井 一喜 Kazuki MURAI |
| ＜要旨＞ This essay is the story describing the experiences and memories obtained by investigational activity from the time being a student until becoming a researcher. The research in my life is an interesting “play” that changes to “realization” by the “inspiration” in my brain. I would be so happy if reading this essay stimulates the interest of young researchers. |
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| 高分子科学最近の進歩 Front-Line Polymer Science |
| ハイドロゲル表面の科学 Science of Hydrogel Surfaces |
秋元 文 Aya M. AKIMOTO |
| ＜要旨＞ Hydrogel surfaces are an old and new research area; they began to be regarded as an important material part around the time of the development of soft contact lenses in the 1960s and were discussed as a science in the 1990s and 2000s. Since then, a huge number of studies have been conducted on adhesion for applications such as hemostatic agents, wearable devices, and soft robotics, and the pursuit of functionality is accelerating. However, there is still no rigorous definition of “what is a hydrogel surface? and “What is the critical difference between a solid surface and a hydrogel surface? This is a new field that is still full of unanswered questions. In this paper, I would like to outline the current status of research on “hydrogel surfaces” with me defining “hydrogel surfaces” in a vague way as “the near-surface region of bulk hydrogels (the depth of the surface layer depends on individual studies). Keywords: Hydrogel / Surface / Surface-Grafting / Adhesion / Dynamics / Multimodality / Phase Separation / Wrinkle Pattern |
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