| 高分子 Vol.69 No.7 |
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特集 ポリマーの祭典
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| トピックス COVER STORY: Topics and Products |
| 耐熱材料の開発 Recent Advances in Thermally Stable Polymers |
前山 勝也 Katsuya MAEYAMA |
| ＜要旨＞ A lot of thermally stable polymers have been developed since the 1900’s. In this article, the characteristics of typical organic polymers, the short history of thermally stable polymers such as phenolic resins and PI, classification of developed thermally stable polymers are summarized. Furthermore my recent works on the synthesis of organosoluble aromatic polyketones will be presented. Keywords: Thermally Stable / High Performance / Aromatic Polymer / Mechanical Strength / Melting Point / Glass Transition Temperature / Organosolubility |
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| プラスチックレンズ材料の進歩 Progress of Plastics Used for Lenses |
添田 泰之 Yasuyuki SOEDA |
| ＜要旨＞ Plastic lenses used for some cameras mounted on cell phones have become very familiar recently. Optical plastics used for camera lenses contribute to high resolution images on cell phones and the reproduction of natural colors of subject within a limited thickness by improving the optical properties represented by refractive index and birefringence. The lens unit for the image sensor is composed of convex type lenses produced by optical polymers with high Abbe number and the concave lenses produced by polymers with high refractive index. APELTM that is used for convex lenses is a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) that has the highest refractive index and the lowest birefringence among commercially available polyolefins. Plastic lenses are used now for on-vehicle cameras, too. The application of optical plastics in sensing camera lenses that require higher reliability than standard camera lenses is expected in the future. Keywords: Lens / Image Sensor / Refractive Index / Birefringence / Optical Polymer / Cyclo Olefin Copolymer / COC |
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| 可溶性導電性高分子の進歩 Recent Progress in Soluble Conductive Polymers |
奥崎 秀典 Hidenori OKUZAKI |
| ＜要旨＞ The discovery of conductive polymers (The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000) opened up a new field of organic electronics, which evolved from flexible electronics to printed electronics, stretchable electronics, and recently to wearable electronics for the application to ubiquitous devices by integration with IoT technology. For the practical use of conductive polymers, high electrical conductivity, excellent stability, and processability are essential, where a soluble conductive polymer is a key material for wet-processable and printable organic electronics. In fact, the progress of soluble conductive polymers has been the history of commercialization with several approaches such as (1) precursor method, (2) side chain introduction method, (3) functional dopant method, (4) colloid dispersion method, and (5) self-doping method. Keywords: Conductive Polymer / Solubility / Electrical Conductivity / Precursor / Side Chain / Functional Dopant / Colloid Dispersion / Self-Doping |
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| OLEDの電流－光変換量子効率の進歩 Progress of EL Quantum Efficiency in OLEDs |
安達 千波矢 Chihaya ADACHI |
| ＜要旨＞ The progress of EL quantum efficiency in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is shortly reviewed. Starting from conventional fluorescence, and continuing with room temperature phosphorescence, finally the state-of-the-art TADF emitter molecules and future prospect are mentioned. Keywords: OLED / Fluorescence / Phosphorescence / TADF / Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence |
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| 高気体透過性高分子膜の進歩 Advances in Highly Gas-Permeable Polymer Membranes |
阪口 壽一 Toshikazu SAKAGUCHI |
| ＜要旨＞ In 1983, Masuda et al. developed poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] [PTMSP], which was known as the most gas-permeable polymer in the earlier days. Here, the recent advances in highly gas-permeable polymer membranes are introduced. In 2008, Hu et al. achieved the synthesis of indan-containing poly(substituted acetylene)s. These polymers showed extremely high gas permeability, which is much higher than PTMSP. The oxygen permeability coefficient of indan- and fluorine-containing poly(substituted acetylene) was as high as 1.87×10－6 cm3 (STP) cm cm－2 s－1 cmHg－1, which is the highest value at this moment. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) were recently developed and consist of rigid and twisted main chains, and thus show very high gas permeability. Highly gas-permeable PIMs such as CF3 group-containig PIM exhibit the oxygen permeability coefficients of more than 3.0×10－7 cm3 (STP) cm cm－2 s－1 cmHg－1, which are near the value of PTMSP. I expect that these highly gas-permeable polymer membranes will be put to practical application in the near future. Keywords: Membrane / Gas Permeability / Gas Separation / Oxygen-Enriched Membrane / Polyacetylene / Poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-Propyne] / Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity |
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| 生体親和性ポリマーの新しい科学 New Science of Biocompatible Polymers |
石原 一彦 Kazuhiko ISHIHARA |
| ＜要旨＞ Biocompatible polymers are indispensable for medical devices used in direct contact with living organisms and bio-related devices for cell culture and tissue regeneration, from the viewpoint of safety, stability, or not affecting biological components. The polymer design concept for recent established biomedical applications is based on bioinspired designs. A typical example of that is zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers. The MPC polymers have been used for vascular catheters, artificial lungs, endovascular stents, indwelling treatment devices for cerebral aneurysms, artificial hearts, and also artificial hip joints. Accompanying with the successful commercialization of the MPC polymers, the evaluation of biocompatibility of polymers having other zwitterionic functional groups, such as sulfobetaine group and carboxybetaine group, has been started. The International Conference on Bioinspired and Zwitterionic Materials (ICBZM) has been held since 2013, and it is expected that these polymers will expand as biocompatible materials. Keywords: Bioinspired Materials / Zwitterionic Polymers / Medical Devices / Implantable Artificial Organs / Blood Compatibility / Lubricity |
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| 変わってきた縮合重合の常識 Basic Knowledge Changed in Condensation Polymerization |
横澤 勉 Tsutomu YOKOZAWA |
| ＜要旨＞ Recent development in condensation polymerization, especially changed basic knowledge, is described from two assumptions of Flory’s basic principle. The first assumption was that the functional groups of monomers show the same reactivity. However, increase of the reactivity after the reaction of one of the functional group of monomer brings about unstoichiometric condensation polymerization of AA and BB monomers, in which high-molecular-weight polymer is obtained contrary to Flory’s basic principle, and chain-growth condensation polymerization of AB monomer, affording polymer with well-defined molecular weight and low dispersity. The second assumption was no formation of cyclic polymer. However, it turned out that many kinds of condensation polymerization of equimolar AA and BB monomers afford cyclic polymers by means of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Furthermore, unstoichiometirc Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization of aromatic moonomers with a Pd catalyst, having a high propensity for intramolecular catalyst transfer on π-electron face, yields selectively cyclic polymers even when excess dibromo monomer is used. Keywords: Flory’s Basic Principle / Unstoichiometric Polycondensation / Chain-Growth Condensation Polymerization / Cyclic Polymer / Intramolecular Catalyst Transfer / Suzuki Polycondensation |
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| 結晶化技術の進歩とナノ配向結晶の創製 Science and Technology of Crystallization and Nano-Oriented Crystals |
岡田 聖香・彦坂 正道 Kiyoka OKADA, Masamichi HIKOSAKA |
| ＜要旨＞ The early stage of crystallization, i.e., “nucleation” is one of the most important stage in controlling the structure and physical properties of crystals. We succeeded in direct X-ray observation of nano-nucleation, from which we clarified that the nano nucleus shows significant fluctuation in size and shape and repeats frequent generation and disappearance. Recently, we succeeded in large “melt elongation”, which reuslts in bulky “elongational crystallization”. The polymer melt changed from isotropic to oriented melt and the mophology changed from folded chain crystals (FCCs) to a novel morphology of “nano-oriented crystals (NOCs)”. NOCs showed high crystallinity and ultra high physical performances. We demonstrate the mechanism of nucleation and the elongational crystallization as a progress of the crystallization science and technique in this paper. Keywords: Crystallization / Nucleation / Elongation / Nano / Physical Property |
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| 高分子シミュレーション技術の進歩 Progress in Polymer Simulation Technology |
古賀 毅 Tsuyoshi KOGA |
| ＜要旨＞ This paper reviews the progress of polymer simulation technology over the last 30 years. Since higher-order structures are formed hierarchically in polymer materials, simulation methods suitable for each level have been developed. Concentration field methods using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations are effective for phase separation phenomena of polymer blends and block copolyemers. The development of self-consistent field theory has made it possible to calculate the free energy of polymers with very complex architectures. The dynamic mean-field method is an extension of the self-consistent field method to non-equilibrium phenomena. A coarse-grained molecular dynamics method has been developed as a method for explicitly treating polymer chains, and has become a representative method for polymer systems. Dissipative particle dynamics and slip-link models have been also developed as more coarse-grained models, which are applied to various kinds of soft matters and entangled polymer systems, respectively. In the future, technological advances such as polymer informatics are expected. Keywords: Polymer Simulation Technology / TDGL Equation / Self-Consistent Field Theory / Dynamic Mean-Field Method / Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics / Dissipative Particle Dynamics / Slip-Link Model / Polmer Infomatics |
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| グローイングポリマー Polymer Science and I: A Personal Account |
| 異分野・異業界への挑戦 Challenged by New Fields |
寺山 友規 Yuki TERAYAMA |
| ＜要旨＞ This report introduces my research experience and message for young researchers. I have worked at 4 different locations and studied 6 distinctive research fields. According to my experience, being challenged in new research fields is important for my growing as a researcher. |
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| 高分子科学最近の進歩 Front-Line Polymer Science |
| 時間を空間で制御する高分子合成化学 Synthetic Polymer Chemistry Based on Control of Time by Space |
永木 愛一郎・高橋 裕輔 Aiichiro NAGAKI, Yusuke TAKAHASHI |
| ＜要旨＞ The reaction time is one of the most important factors to effectively control a synthetic reaction. Flow microreactors, being able to precisely control reaction time and to perfom fast mixing, have enabled a number of reaction developments in the way no conventional batch reactors are possible. In this article, a particular strength of flow microreactors, controlling fast reactions, is demonstrated in living anionic polymerization. Two examples are presented. Block copolymers were synthesized by controlling the reactivity of a short-lived polymer chain end. Synthesis of heterotelechelic polymers were performed using alkyllithium compounds bearing electrophilic functional groups as initiators by fast mixing and precise residence time control. In both examples, the techniques using flow microreactors to reveal optimal reaction conditions such as temperature-residence time mapping and quench-flow methods are also demonstrated. Keywords: Flow Microreactor / Residence Time Control / Fast Mixing / Anionic Polymerization / Control of Time by Space |
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