| 高分子 Vol.66 No.6 |
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特集 植物と高分子：バイオマス素材から植物科学まで
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| 展望 COVER STORY: Highlight Reviews |
| 天然ゴム生合成機構の謎に迫る Toward Total Elucidation of Biosynthetic Mechanism of Natural Rubber |
高橋征司・山下 哲・伏原和久 Seiji TAKAHASHI, Satoshi YAMASHITA, Kazuhisa FUSHIHARA |
| ＜要旨＞ 天然ゴムは、おもにパラゴムノキのラテックスから生産される天然高分子であり、その優れた物性からタイヤ製造などのゴム工業に必須な材料である。植物における生産量向上のためには、生合成機構の理解が必須である。本稿では、これまでに解明された生合成機構と、その知見をもとに再構成された酵素による試験管内天然ゴム生合成について概説する。 Keywords: Isoprenoid / Hevea brasiliensis / Latex / Natural Rubber / Prenyltransferase / Rubber Particle |
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| 構造材料としての木質高分子の生合成メカニズムの理解 Mechanisms on Biosynthesis of Woody Macromolecule as Structural Materials |
出村 拓・大谷美沙都 Taku DEMURA, Misato OHTANI |
| ＜要旨＞ 木質高分子とは、植物の細胞壁、とくに木部組織の細胞がもつ厚みのある細胞壁（二次細胞壁）に由来するセルロース、ヘミセルロース、リグニン、などの高分子代謝物の総称である。本稿では、二次細胞壁の生合成のメカニズムについて、筆者らの最近の研究成果を交えて紹介する。 Keywords: Cellulose / Lignin / Secondary Cell Wall / Transcriptional Regulatory Network / VND Transcription Factors / Woody Macromolecule / Xylan |
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| 構造多糖由来の高機能材料 Highly Functional Materials Based on Structural Polysaccharides |
西尾嘉之・杉村和紀 Yoshiyuki NISHIO, Kazuki SUGIMURA |
| ＜要旨＞ セルロース、キチン、藻類多糖などの構造多糖類は、量的に豊富なリニュアブル・エコ素材であり、ゲル化・錯形成・液晶形成などの魅力ある諸特性を有している。本稿では、セルロースのナノクリスタル・誘導体および関連多糖をコアエレメントとし、ナノ～メゾレベルの特性を活かした高機能材料の創製について、最近の研究動向を展望する。 Keywords: Polysaccharides / Cellulose / Nanocrystal / Derivatives / Mesoscopic Characteristics / Polymer Composites / Inorganic Hybridization / Functional Materials |
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| トピックス COVER STORY: Topics and Products |
| 天然におけるセルロース合成機構の解明を目指したセルロース合成酵素の異宿主発現とin vitroセルロース合成の試み Heterologous Expression of Cellulose Synthases and Trial of Synthesis of Cellulose in vitro to Elucidate the Mechanism of Cellulose Synthesis in Nature |
砂川直輝・田島健次・鮫島正浩・五十嵐圭日子 Naoki SUNAGAWA, Kenji TAJIMA, Masahiro SAMEJIMA, Kiyohiko IGARASHI |
| ＜要旨＞ Cellulose is one of the major carbohydrate on the earth and is utilized in humankind life as a major component of plant materials. Most of terrestrial cellulose is produced by land plant, however it is also found in some algae, tunicates and various bacteria species. Since cellulose biosynthetic process is a complicated system, details are still unknown. To solve this issue, we attempt to make a heterogonous expression system and trying a dynamic visualization of this synthesis process. In this paper, to carry out the approaches, we will report the construction of the recombinant expression system of bacterial cellulose synthase (GxCeSAB) and plant cellulose synthase (AtCeSA1) in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Keywords: Cellulose / Cellulose Biosynthesis / Pichia Expression System |
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| 植物への遺伝子導入とゲノム編集 Plant Genetic Transformation and Genome Editing |
吉積 毅 Takeshi YOSHIZUMI |
| ＜要旨＞ Genome editing is a powerful technique to manipulate the genome precisely and provides strong impacts on basic plant biology and also crop breeding. In case of plants, genome editing relies on genetic transformation because edited plants should be isolated from transgenic plants expressing genome editing machineries. Then transformation methods are important for genome editing in plants. DNA is not so easy to access in plant cells directly, which are sorrounded by cell walls, so that well-known sophisticated animal transformation techniques are not directly applicable to plants. In addition to genome editing, we are introducing plant specific transformation methods in our approach to this topic. We developed peptide-based DNA carriers composed of two peptide blocks (DNA binding peptide and sub-cellular localization signal). The peptides can deliver not only nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) but also proteins into the plant cytosol, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. We also discuss applications of our peptides to nuclear genome editing and organellar genome editing and the future prospects in plant breeding. Keywords: Peptide / Genome Editing / Gene Delivery / Trnaformation / Organellar Genome / Chloroplast / Mitochondria |
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| 環境適応型プロセスを経た植物高分子成分抽出とその機能素材化 Extraction and Utilization of Macromolecular Components of Plants via a Sustainable Process |
敷中一洋 Kazuhiro SHIKINAKA |
| ＜要旨＞ In this paper, an utilization of polysaccarides and lignin, plant biomass, via a sustainable process is described. Here, we report a simple yet effective method for processing plant biomass by combined wet-type ultrafine bead milling and enzymatic saccharification at pH 5.0 and 50℃. This generates nanoscale particles without loss of plant biomass that allows close to 70% saccharification of cellulose for cedar and recovery of a glassy, flame retardant, and a transparent non-deteriorated lignin film. Furthermore, due to the non-formation of chemical inhibitors from the non-toxic reaction process, the alcohol bioconversion of the generated sugars with a maximum theoretical value is achieved. The almost full recovery of other un-deteriorated plant biomass components, which has a positive impact on the generation of high value secondary products, could considerably contribute to its economic viability as well. The convergence of lignin to a functional monomer and its utilization as a polymer unit is also described. Keywords: Plant Biomass / Polysaccharides / Lignin / Bioehtanol / 2-Pyrone-4,6-Dicarboxylic Acid |
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| グローイングポリマー Polymer Science and I: A Personal Account |
| テーマは巡る A Theme Comes Around |
土屋康佑 Kousuke TSUCHIYA |
| ＜要旨＞ My first research theme during my bachelor course, regarding to synthesis of polypeptides, was not completed due to my immature research skill. After I changed the affiliation several times, I had an opportunity again to do a research concerning the polypeptide materials. |
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| 高分子科学最近の進歩 Front-Line Polymer Science |
| 植物バイオマスから合成される高分子 Polymers Synthesized from Plant Biomass |
大井俊彦・松本謙一郎・田口精一 Toshihiko OOI, Ken’ichiro MATSUMOTO, Seiichi TAGUCHI |
| ＜要旨＞ Plant-derived biomass has attracted considerable research interest as potent resources for polymer synthesis. This review article introduces recent studies on polymer production by utilizing lignocellulose-derived mono sugars, polysaccharides and plant oils. Plant-derived polysaccharides such as xylan and glucomannan can be derivatized into plastic material by esterification of hydroxyl groups using short-chain-length fatty acids. After lignin removal, the polysaccharides are degraded into mono sugars, such as xylose, which can serve as efficient starting substance for various polymers. Furfural is one of the potent derivatives of xylose, which can be used for productions of aromatic polymers, including polyethyleneterephthalate. Xylose is also used for the production of unusual lactate-based polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) using an engineered bacterial platform. Modified bacteria with acquired polysaccharide-degrading activity directly utilize polysaccharides as feedstock. A different class of PHAs, called homo medium-chain-lenght PHA, is synthesized from plant oils. The Epoxides of plant oils are used as monomeric constituents for production of biobased and functionalized polymers, such as shape-memory materials. Keywords: Plant Biomass / Polysaccharides / Plant Oils / Xylose / Xylan / PHA / PLA / Furfural |
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