高分子　Vol.59　No.6

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特集　未来産業を支える多糖マテリアル

グローイングポリマー　Growing Polymers: A Personal Account

色のついた研究をめざして Toward a Colored Research

長田　裕也 Yuuya NAGATA

＜要旨＞My research life was closely related to “colors”. This personal account reviews my experiences struggling with fluorescent organoboron polymers and unstable organoaluminum polymers.

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無秩序な世界 World in Disorder

羽渕　聡史 Satoshi HABUCHI

＜要旨＞I have been enchanted by the mysterious natures of individual molecules which are often hidden behind the ensemble averaging, and been pursuing origin and meaning of the world in disorder.

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展望　COVER STORY: Highlight Reviews

多糖の構造とX線構造解析 Structure of Polysaccharide and Structural Analysis by X-Ray

湯口　宜明 Yoshiaki YUGUCHI

＜要旨＞多糖類は固体，ゲル，液体といった状態で生体のいろいろなところに分布している。構造の多様性は高く，新規材料やエネルギー開発においては，分子レベルでの構造を把握することが重要となる。本稿ではいくつかの多糖の構造特性とX線散乱法を使った構造解析例を紹介する。 Keywords: Polysaccharide / Cellulose / Starch / Xyloglucan / Gel / X-Ray Scattering / X-Ray Microbeam

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多糖の酵素合成と産業応用 Enzymatic Synthesis of Polysaccharides

鷹羽　武史・柳瀬　美千代 Takeshi TAKAHA and Michiyo YANASE

＜要旨＞多糖は多彩な機能と環境適合性を兼ね備えた高分子素材であり，より広範囲な産業分野への利用が期待されている。このためには多糖の構造機能相関に関する理解を深めること，および，精密に制御された構造の多糖の製造方法を開発することが必要となる。多糖の酵素合成に利用しうる酵素，製造技術と応用例について紹介する。 Keywords: Polysaccharide / Phosphorylase / Transferase / Glucanotransferase / Amylose / Glucan / Glycogen

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セルロースの新しい機能化技術と応用 Advanced Material Design and Applications of Cellulose

北岡　卓也 Takuya KITAOKA

＜要旨＞樹木細胞壁の骨格分子であるセルロースは，木質建材・紙・プラスティック材料・食品添加剤など身の回りで幅広く利用されており，豊富な資源量と炭素循環の観点から，未来産業を支える多糖素材である。本稿では，バルク素材としてのセルロースではなく，その特有のナノ構造・分子特性に着目した新たな機能化技術とその応用展開について解説する。 Keywords: Cellulose / Structural Polysaccharide / Nanofiber / Film / Paper / Biomaterial / Catalyst

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多糖超分子の構築 Construction of Supramolecules Based on Polysaccharides

金子　芳郎・門川　淳一 Yoshiro KANEKO and Jun-ichi KADOKAWA

＜要旨＞Polysaccharides with helical structures such as amylose and schizophyllan are known as host compounds that form inclusion complexes with various guest compounds. Recently, it has been found that the helical polysaccharides include not only the compounds with relatively lower molecular weight, but also the polymers. This review deals with the recent research developments in the supramolecular complexes composed of the helical polysaccharides and polymers. Keywords: Polysaccharide / Amylose / Schizophyllan / Inclusion Complex / Supramolecule

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トピックス　COVER STORY:Topics and Products

糖鎖集積材料によるバイオセンシング Biosensing with Glyco-Clusters

三浦　佳子 Yoshiko MIURA

＜要旨＞Saccharides on cell surfaces play important roles in living systems. We have prepared saccharide clusters to mimic the cell surface and amplify the biorecognition abilities. We conjugated the saccharides with substrates, nanoparticles and polymers to fabricate novel materials for use in biosensing devices. Keywords: Glyco-Cluster / Glycopolymer / Nanoparticle / Biosensor

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バイオマスの有効利用―セルロースからのエネルギー生産― Utilization of Biomass Energy Production from Cellulose

石川　一彦 Kazuhiko ISHIKAWA

＜要旨＞The hyperthermophilic cellulases are obtained from archaea and used by some industry. The new application of the hyperthermophilic cellulase gene for the production of energy is in progress. Keywords: Cellulose / Archaea / Biomass / Cellulase / Pyrococcus / Thermophile / Enzyme

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ファインナノマテリアルとしての多糖機能の探求 Natural Polysaccharides Act as Fine Nanomaterials

沼田　宗典 Munenori NUMATA

＜要旨＞β-1,3-Glucans act as unique natural nanotubes and can accept functional polymers, molecular assemblies and nanoparticles in an induced-fit manner to create water-soluble one-dimensional nanocomposites. Although, most polymer-polymer or polymer-molecule interactions take place in a random fashion, β-1,3-glucans can interact with polymer or molecular guests in a specific fashion and can be used to construct well-regulated one-dimensional superstructures, which is applicable toward fine nanomaterials. Keywords: Polysaccharide / Supramolecular Chemistry / Nanotube / Nanomaterials

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キラル固定相としての多糖 Polysaccharide as Chiral Stationary Phase

柴田　徹 Tohru SHIBATA

＜要旨＞The development of chiral stationary phases, among which those based on cellulose and amylose are the most widely used, has made remarkable contribution to the science and technology concerning chiral molecules. Studies on the separation mechanism suggest the rigid and large monomeric units of polysaccharide can afford chiral spaces accepting guest molecules. Keywords: Cellulose / Amylase / Chiral / Separation / Chromatography / Force-Field Calculation

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多糖−生分解性合成高分子ハイブリッドの医療応用 Polysaccharide-Biodegradable Polymer Hybrids as Medical Materials

大矢　裕一 Yuichi OHYA

＜要旨＞ The polysaccharide-biodegradable polymer hybrids were synthesized to be applied as biomedical materials. Oligo-lactide-grafted polysaccharides could form nanometer scale gel particles (nanogels). The utility of the nanogels for protein delivery carriers is introduced. Keywords: Polysaccharide / Polylactide / Graft Copolymer / Amphiphilic Polymer / Self-Assembly / Nanogel / Protein Delivery

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高分子科学最近の進歩　Front-Line Polymer Science

リビングラジカル重合による精密材料設計 Precise Materials Design by Living Radical Polymerization

辻井　敬亘・大野　工司 Yoshinobu TSUJII and Kohji OHNO

＜要旨＞ Living radical polymerization (LRP) has attracted enormous attention over the past decade for providing simple and robust synthetic routes to low-polydispersity polymers including simple homopolymers, end-functionalized polymers, block/random/gradient copolymers, and functional polymers. LRP also successfully controls the topology or branched structure of polymer architectures, giving well-defined star/hyper-branched/ comb-like (bottle-brush) polymers and crosslinked polymer networks. Recent successful application of LRP made it possible to densely graft these polymers on various substrates, firstly producing “concentrated” polymer brushes with structure and properties quite different and unpredictable from those of the “semi-dilute” polymer brushes previously studied. This article highlights the recent development of LRP fabricating well-defined polymer architectures from the viewpoint of novel materials design, which can be achieved by optimization of reaction conditions in LPR. Keywords: Materials Design / Living Radical Polymerization / Controlled Polymerization / Topology / Gelation / Branched Polymer / Polymer Brush / Polymer Architecture

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