| 高分子 Vol.62 No.11 |
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特集 最新可視化技術で高分子を探る
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| 展望 COVER STORY: Highlight Reviews |
| 1分子DNA は、ぐちゃぐちゃな構造？ How Complex is a Single DNA Molecule in an Aqueous Solution? |
谷口 正輝 Masateru TANIGUCHI |
| ＜要旨＞ タンパク質の構造は創薬の基盤であり、詳細な構造を得るためには、結晶構造解析が必要である。結晶を必要としないで、1分子で構造解析できる技術は、創薬に革命的なインパクトを与える。現在、溶液中の1分子の構造解析を行う技術が、ナノポアを用いて開発されはじめている。本稿では、注目が集まるDNAの1分子構造解析について解説する。 Keywords: Single Molecules / Nanopores / Ionic Currents |
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| ここまできた電子線トモグラフィー ―メゾスケール構造をいかにみるか？― Recent Advances in Tomography Recent Advances in Multi-Scale Tomographic Techniques in Polymer Research |
陣内 浩司 Hiroshi JINNAI |
| ＜要旨＞ 近年、高分子の不均一構造を三次元的に可視化することで高分子材料の評価・解析に資する一連の顕微鏡群が注目を浴びている。本稿では電子線トモグラフィーを取り上げ、最近とくに発展の著しいメゾスケール（数百nmのスケール）構造の三次元可視化に焦点を当て、この手法の最近の進歩について紹介する。 Keywords: Electron Tomography / Scanning Electron Microscopy / Meso-Scale Structural Observations / Three-Dimensional Image Analysis |
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| 量子ビームによる高分子複合材料解析への新展開 New Developments of Structural Analysis on Polymer Composite using Quantum Beam |
岸本 浩通 Hiroyuki KISHIMOTO |
| ＜要旨＞ 高分子複合材料は、広い時間・空間スケールにわたり階層構造を形成し機能を発現させている。量子ビームを応用した材料研究は、高機能材料開発に新しい切り口を与えると考えられる。本稿では、高分子複合材料への量子ビームを活用した時空間構造解析について紹介する。 Keywords: Synchrotron Radiation / SAXS / X-ray Imaging / XPCS / Dynamics / Polymer Composite |
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| トピックス COVER STORY: Topics and Products |
| ここまでできるポリマー1分子のイメージング！ Single-Molecules Imaging of Polymers |
篠原 健一 Ken-ichi SHINOHARA |
| ＜要旨＞ Direct observation of a polymer chain deepens the understanding about structure and the function. We succeeded in direct observation of the long-chain branch (LCB) structure in a low density polyethylene (LDPE). The sample is LDPE synthesized by the tubular process or the vessel process. The number, the length and the position of LCB were measured directly by an AFM in an organic solvent at room temperature. Single-molecules imaging of micro-Brownian movement in a chiral helical polymer was achieved by a fast-scanning AFM at room temperature. We measured the diffusion coefficient at each part in the polymer chain. It was estimated that this macromolecular motion was a dynamic multiple interactions and the Brownian movement at a solid/liquid interface, and based on the enthalpy entropy compensation. Furthermore, the macromolecular motor function was observed by a fast-scanning AFM. A molecule, which adsorbed to a chiral helical polymer having cholesteryl group [(-)-poly(ChOCPA)], was transported along the chain. This molecular transportation passed to long distances more than 100-nm and it was observed for long time that was more than four minutes. Keywords: Single-Molecules Imaging / Polymer Chain / Brownian Movement / Enthalpy Entropy Compensation / Polyolefine / Chiral Helix / Macromolecular Machine / Molecular Motor |
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| 三次元相分離構造を可視化するX線位相CT X-ray Phase Tomography Visualizing Three-Dimensional Phase Separation Structures |
百生 敦 Atsushi MOMOSE |
| ＜要旨＞ Conventional X-ray imaging techniques that rely on absorption contrast are not usable effectively for polymer samples, which consist of low-Z elements with low X-ray absorbance. This problem can be overcome by using X-ray phase contrast. X-ray phase tomography is realized based on the phase-contrast techniques for highly sensitive three-dimensional polymer observation. Applications of X-ray phase tomography to polymer blend samples are demonstrated to reveal phase-separation structures, allowing quantitative analyses. Note that X-ray phase tomography is possible not only with synchrotron radiation but also with a laboratory X-ray source. In combination with an X-ray imaging microscpe, a spatial resolution of a micron has been achieved in three dimensions. In order to approach a time resolution of a second, X-ray phase tomography with white synchrotron radiation is also being developed; that is, four-dimentional phase tomography. Keywords: X-ray Interferometry / Phase Contrast / Tomography / CT / Polymer Blend / Phase Separation |
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| 薄膜を散乱で見る Observation of Thin Films through Scattering |
横山 英明 Hideaki YOKOYAMA |
| ＜要旨＞ Polymer thin film has been widely used for a variety of applications. However, observing the structure of thin films supported on substrates is still challenging. Recently Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) emerged as an ideal tool to observe such thin film structures. However, GISAXS has to deal with complicated phenomena including transmission, refraction, and reflection in addition to scattering. Here, a brief and qualitative guide of GISAXS will be given primarily for novice and non- users of GISAXS. Keywords: Scattering / GISAXS / Reflection / Refraction / Transmission / X-ray / Thin Films |
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| レジストパターンの形成過程を見てみよう Visual Characterization of Nano-Sized Photoresist Pattern Formation |
井谷 俊郎 Toshiro ITANI |
| ＜要旨＞ Semiconductor down-scaling is reaching target pattern resolution sizes comparable to the polymer components of resist chemistry. For this reason, a re-thinking of present resist material and process concepts is crucial in meeting such stringent targets. To effectively do this, further fundamental research is necessary. One such fundamental point of interest is the understanding of photoresist dissolution during the development process. This article introduces the application of a high speed atomic force microscope optimized for the in situ characterization of the resist pattern formation process during development. Keywords: Lithography / Resist / Process / Dissolution / Atomic Force Microscopy |
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| 国内初、「共用」ヘリウムイオン顕微鏡とは Scanning Helium Ion Microscope as the First Shared Research Equipment |
大西 桂子 Keiko ONISHI |
| ＜要旨＞ A Scanning helium ion microscope (SHIM) is a piece of equipment, which is suited to observe the surface morphology and chemistry on the nanometer scale. The SHIM has a good operability like a standard scanning electron microscope, as well as superior spatial resolution of several-score-times, high material contrast and depth-of-focus. Since insulating materials can be observed without coating, the SHIM can be a powerful tool for nano characterisation of insulating polymeric materials. Since the SHIM is a shared research equipment of the NIMS microstructural characterization platform, it can be used at a relatively low cost with a simple application procedure. Please feel free to make contact and consult with us. Keywords: Ion Microscope / Surface Morphology / High Spatial Resolution / Insulator Observation / Shared Research Equipment |
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| グローイングポリマー Polymer Science and I: A Personal Account |
| 試行錯誤とともに By Trial and Error |
松尾 彰 Akira MATSUO |
| ＜要旨＞ This personal account reviews my experiences as a chemical researcher. To make a breakthrough, it is important to continue a process of trial and error without fear of mistake. |
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| 高分子科学最近の進歩 Front-Line Polymer Science |
| ボトムアップ表面重合の展望 Perspective of Bottom-up Surface-Assisted Polymerization |
坂口 浩司 Hiroshi SAKAGUCHI |
＜要旨＞ Surface-assisted polymerization is a botton-up method to produce functional materials such as conjugated polymers on metal surface from molecular building blocks. By the use of this method, novel conjugated polymers with one and two dimensionally extended π-conjugation, which are applicable to the various fields such as electronics, photonics and energy sector, could be epitaxially grown along the lattice of metal as a template due to its strong interaction with molecules. This review describes the introduction of related researches reported so far and the future perspective of this approach from the view point of surface science and material science. |
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