| 高分子 Vol.67 No.3 |
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特集 構造タンパク質：近くて遠い構造材料
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| 展望 COVER STORY: Highlight Reviews |
| 解明が進む絹の最新構造と繊維化機構 Recent Advances in Research of Silk Structure and Fiber Formation Mechanism |
朝倉 哲郎 Tetsuo ASAKURA |
| ＜要旨＞ 蚕やクモは、体内に蓄えた絹水溶液から“強くてタフ”と同時に、適度な生分解性を有する高性能の繊維を創成する。その絹の優れた構造と繊維化の機構を徹底的に解明、それを見習って環境にやさしい究極の条件の下で、高性能の繊維を開発することも大切であろう。本稿では、最先端の機器を用いて解明されつつある絹の繊維化前後の構造と巧みな繊維化の機構について紹介する。 Keywords: Bombyx Mori Silk Fibroin / Silk I Structure / Silk II Structure / Fiber Formation Mechanism / 13C Solid-State NMR / Repeated β-turn Structure / Anti-Parallel β-sheet Structure |
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| 超高機能構造タンパク質による素材産業革命 Super High-Function Structural Proteins to Transform the Basic Materials Industry |
鈴木 隆領 Takane SUZUKI |
| ＜要旨＞ 「超高機能構造タンパク質による素材産業革命」をテーマにしたプロジェクトが、内閣府革新的研究開発推進プログラム（ImPACT）の一つとして2014年に採択され、今年度で4年になる。今では多くの研究機関・産業界から参画して推進していただき、実用化が現実的なものになりつつある。本展望ではImPACTにおける超高機能構造タンパク質の開発状況について述べる。 Keywords: Structural Protein / Spider Silk / Industrial Materials / Composite Materials |
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| 絹の結晶構造・高次構造と物性 Crystal and Higher-Order Structure and Physical Property of Silk |
田代 孝二・吉岡 太陽 Kohji TASHIRO, Taiyo YOSHIOKA |
| ＜要旨＞ 家蚕絹フィブロイン、蜘蛛牽引糸を中心に、αらせん、βプリーツシートなどの特徴を眺めるとともに、結晶構造、高次構造と特徴的な物理的性質とのかかわりを論じた。また絹フィブロインの結晶構造解析における未解決問題点を検討した。 Keywords: Bombyx Mori / Silk / Spider Dragline / Crystal Structure / α-Helix / β-Pleated Sheet / X-ray Structure Analysis |
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| トピックス COVER STORY: Topics and Products |
| 超高機能構造タンパク質探索に向けたクモ類網羅的シークエンシング Comprehensive Sequencing of Spider Silk Genes |
荒川 和晴 Kazuharu ARAKAWA |
| ＜要旨＞ Spider silks are protein materials that exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties including tensile strengths, extensibilities, and toughness, with potential applications in industry as renewable materials. Spiders produce seven types of silks, each composed of specific proteins called spidroins, majority of which are known to be monophyletic. Therefore, if we can obtain a multitude of spidroin sequences along with the mechanical properties of corresponding silks from diverse samples among the order Araneae, we can potentially identify quantitative linkages between sequence motifs and the physical properties. To this end, we are currently underway to sequence 1,000 spiders using de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly strategy. Here we provide an overview of the project. Keywords: Spider Silks / Fibroins / Sequencing / Nanopore |
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| 次世代工業材料としてのタンパク質 Proteins: The Next-Generation of Industrial Materials |
菅原 潤一 Junichi SUGAHARA |
| ＜要旨＞ Structural proteins are recently gathering attention as high-performance, designable, sustainable polymers of the future. In nature we see many provocative examples, such as the fibroin found within spider silk, or resilin, sometimes called a “super rubber.” If these proteins could be synthesized cheaply and at a mass scale, there would be significant potential to allow for totally new and unique application development efforts and to realize a more sustainable society. This article will touch on the potential of fibroin and other structural proteins, as well as the global synthesis and commercialization landscape. It will also introduce our efforts relating to the production and processing technologies, as well as the application development of synthetic structural protein materials. Keywords: Synthetic Biology / Structural Protein / Fibroin / Fiber / Resin / Film / Venture Business |
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| ヒトとムシが織り成す共創シルク Co-Creation Silk between Human and Insect |
亀田 恒德・小島 桂 Tsunenori KAMEDA, Kei KOJIMA |
| ＜要旨＞ Genetic modification technology, a method of modern biotechnology, makes it possible for molecular design of silk protein. The desired proteins can be biosynthesised and spun into silk fibroin by transgenic silkworms. Our group cloned the spider dragline protein gene and generated a transgenic silkworm that produces the cocoon silk through fusion of fibroin heavy chain and spider dragline protein. On the other hand, in nature, a large variety of silk proteins exists. Most of such silks are produced by unknown and/or unused silk worms. In these silks, there is a probable existence of proteins that meet the satisfaction of our demand. When the silk forming coiled-coil structure is desired, the aculeate (stinging) insects, such as honeybee and hornet, become best candidates. Our group developed techniques to regerenate and fabricate the silk produced by hornet’s larvae (hornet silk). The silk fibers and fabrics can be produced by co-creation between human and insect. Keywords: Silk / Bombyx Mori Silkworm / Gene Modification / Transgenic / Coiled Coil / Hornet Silk |
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| グローイングポリマー Polymer Science and I: A Personal Account |
| 異分野の知識で広がる世界 Extended My World by Different Fields |
瀬野 賢一 Ken-ichi SENO |
| ＜要旨＞ I have been interested in various fields and enjoyed those since my school days. The knowledge and skill of different fields have been very useful for my research and work so far. In this essay, I will introduce my experiences and explain how helpful they are. |
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| 高分子科学最近の進歩 Front-Line Polymer Science |
| 再生医療に用いられる高分子材料の現在 Polymeric Materials used in Regenerative Medicine |
佐野 将英・酒井 崇匡 Shoei SANO, Takamasa SAKAI |
| ＜要旨＞ Currently, regenerative medicine draws great attention as next generation medical treatment. Regenerative medicine is defined as medical treatment that successfully enhances the self-healing ability of a living body and restores structure and function of damaged tissues and organs. Today, as regenerative medicine methods, tissue regeneration using pluripotent stem cells (ES cells, iPS cells) and self-tissue induction using cell scaffolds are two major pillars. In regenerative medicine, a scaffold material that allows cell attachment / invasion is indispensable. Polymeric substrates, sponge-like porous bodies, and hydrogels are widely used as scaffolds. In this paper, we introduce the current state of regenerative medicine and polymer materials used there. Keywords: Regerative Medicine / Polymeric Scaffold / Bone / Cartilage / Brain / Nerve |
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